SELECT 
  cfp.category_filter_id, 
  cfp.product_id, 
  cfp.value, 
  cfp.value_min, 
  cfp.value_max, 
  cfp.options, 
  cf.category_id, 
  cf.type, 
  cf.options as filter_options, 
  cfd.title, 
  cfd.lang_code 
FROM 
  cscart_category_filter_products AS cfp 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_category_filters AS cf ON cf.category_filter_id = cfp.category_filter_id 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_category_filter_descriptions AS cfd ON cfd.category_filter_id = cf.category_filter_id 
  AND cfd.lang_code = 'en' 
WHERE 
  1 
  AND cfp.product_id IN (
    2459, 284, 285, 1488, 2509, 2188, 2512, 
    2420, 495, 1493, 2096, 791
  ) 
ORDER BY 
  cfp.category_filter_id ASC

Query time 0.00247

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "read_sorted_file": {
      "filesort": {
        "sort_key": "cfp.category_filter_id",
        "table": {
          "table_name": "cfp",
          "access_type": "ALL",
          "rows": 5774,
          "filtered": 100,
          "attached_condition": "cfp.product_id in (2459,284,285,1488,2509,2188,2512,2420,495,1493,2096,791)"
        }
      }
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cf",
      "access_type": "ref",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "4",
      "used_key_parts": ["category_filter_id"],
      "ref": ["dev.cfp.category_filter_id"],
      "rows": 1,
      "filtered": 100
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cfd",
      "access_type": "eq_ref",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "10",
      "used_key_parts": ["category_filter_id", "lang_code"],
      "ref": ["dev.cf.category_filter_id", "const"],
      "rows": 1,
      "filtered": 100,
      "attached_condition": "trigcond(cfd.lang_code = 'en' and trigcond(cf.category_filter_id is not null))"
    }
  }
}